Need for conclusive evidence that positive and negative reciprocity are unrelated

Need for conclusive evidence that positive and negative reciprocity are unrelated.

Social preferences or personal career concerns? Field evidence on positive and negative reciprocity in the workplace

This paper provides non-experimental field evidence on positive and negative worker reciprocity. We analyze the performance reactions of professional workers to fair and unfair wage allocations in their natural environment. The objects of interest are professional soccer players in the German Bundesliga. This environment enables us to circumvent the main problems of observational studies on rec...

Reciprocity is not give and take: asymmetric reciprocity to positive and negative acts.

Unlike economic exchange, social exchange has no well-defined "value." It is based on the norm of reciprocity, in which giving and taking are to be repaid in equivalent measure. Although giving and taking are colloquially assumed to be equivalent actions, we demonstrate that they produce different patterns of reciprocity. In five experiments utilizing a dictator game, people reciprocated in lik...

No conclusive evidence that corvids can create novel causal interventions.

Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna 1091, Austria Department of Psychology, University of California, Ber...

Positive and negative evidence of risk factors for back disorders.

The scientific literature on work-related back disorders was reviewed to identify consistent risk factors and to determine the strength of the association between the two. Thirty-five publications were selected with quantitative information. Lifting or carrying loads, whole-body vibration, and frequent bending and twisting proved to be the physical load risk factors consistently associated with...